Density is a measure of mass per unit volume of a substance. It indicates how compact or concentrated the matter in a substance is.

Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a material, defined as the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit. It indicates how much a material will deform under a given load.

Yield strength is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. It represents the maximum stress that can be applied without causing permanent deformation.

Tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. It indicates the material's resistance to tension-induced failure.

Elongation is the measure of a material's ability to undergo deformation under tensile stress, expressed as a percentage increase in length before it breaks. It indicates the material's ductility.

Compressive strength is the maximum compressive load a material can withstand before failure, typically measured in units of pressure. It indicates the material's ability to resist deformation and crushing under compressive forces.

Flexural modulus is a measure of a material's stiffness or resistance to bending when subjected to a flexural load. It is typically expressed in units of pressure, such as Pascals (Pa).

Modulus of Rupture, also known as flexural strength, is the maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking when subjected to bending. It indicates the material's strength in resisting deformation under load.

Shear Modulus, also known as modulus of rigidity, measures a material's ability to resist shear deformation. It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain.

Bulk Modulus is a measure of a material's resistance to uniform compression. It is defined as the ratio of the applied pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease in volume.

Poisson's Ratio is the ratio of the transverse strain to the axial strain in a material subjected to axial stress. It describes how much a material expands or contracts in directions perpendicular to the applied load.

Hardness is a measure of a material's resistance to deformation, particularly permanent deformation, scratching, or indentation. It indicates how well a material can withstand mechanical abrasion or surface indentation.

Fatigue strength is the maximum stress a material can endure for a specified number of cycles without failing. It indicates the material's ability to withstand cyclic loading and resist fatigue failure over time.

Fracture toughness is a material's ability to resist crack propagation. It quantifies how well a material can withstand fracture when a crack is present.

The melting point is the temperature at which a solid material turns into a liquid. It is a specific temperature for each substance at atmospheric pressure.

Thermal conductivity is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat. It is measured as the amount of heat that passes through a material of a given thickness over a specific time period.

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius. It is a measure of a material's ability to absorb heat.

The thermal expansion coefficient is a measure of how much a material's dimensions change with temperature. It indicates the degree to which a material expands or contracts per unit length per degree Celsius (°C).

The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a solid into a liquid at its melting point without changing its temperature. It represents the energy needed to overcome the forces holding the solid together.

Electrical resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. It is defined as the resistance of a unit length and unit cross-sectional area of the material.

Electrical conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to allow the flow of electric current. It is the inverse of electrical resistivity, indicating how easily electrons can move through the material.